(i) Explain the need and types of land reforms implemented in the agriculture sector. (ii) Why was public sector given a leading role in industrial development during the planning period ? Explain. (i) Explain the reasons why the industrial sector has performed poorly in the reform period. (ii) Distinguish between the Bilateral and Multilateral trade.

Question

Accepted Answer

(i) **Need and Types of Land Reforms:**

**Need:**
- To achieve equity in agriculture
- To give ownership rights to actual tillers
- To increase agricultural productivity
- To reduce concentration of land ownership

**Types:**
1. **Abolition of Intermediaries:** Removing zamindars and making tillers owners of land. Brought 200 lakh tenants into direct contact with government.

2. **Land Ceiling:** Fixing specified limit of land that could be owned by individual. Beyond limit, land taken over by government and allotted to landless cultivators.

(ii) **Public Sector Leading Role:**
- Shortage of capital with private sector
- Lack of incentive for private sector due to limited market size
- Objective of social welfare could be achieved through state participation
- State had control over vital industries