Class 12 Business Administration Notes · GSEB
Management as Art, Science and Profession
Management as Art, Science and Profession — compare the three lenses and test management against the five marks of a profession. GSEB Class 12 Commerce notes with definitions, examples and a profession checklist.
Last updated: 23 Oct 2026
Notes
Management as an Art
Notes — the key lines
- Art is the employment of skill and expertise — knowledge alone does not implement itself.
- Managing needs personal skill, insight and cleverness, adjusted to the situation.
- Terry: "Art teaches one to do."
Art teaches one to do
Trap — Art does not mean "no theory" — it is the **skilled application** of theory, so an answer that drops knowledge is half an answer.
Management as a Science
Notes — the key lines
- Science is systematic, specialised knowledge where rules and cause-and-effect relationships are established.
- Management has the same marks: systematised body of knowledge, universality, cause and effect, facts and experiments, verifiability.
- Terry: "Science teaches one to know."
Key Takeaways
- Systematised body of knowledge
- Universality
- Cause and effect relationship
- Based on collection of facts, analysis and experiments
- Verifiability of the principles
According to Dr. George Terry, “Science teaches one to know.”
Trap — Management is **not a pure science** — its principles are flexible because people and technology change, which is exactly why the "science" answer must carry that caveat.
Management as a Profession
Notes — the key lines
- A profession is specialised knowledge used for society's welfare, in return for fees.
- Management shows the five marks: specialised knowledge (BBA/MBA) · research · association (IIM) · code of conduct · moral responsibility.
- It is therefore developing as a profession — not yet fully one.
Requirement of Specialised Knowledge — As per nature of profession, specialised knowledge is required in it. e.g. L.L.B degree for the profession of lawyer. MBBS, MD or MS degree is necessary for the profession of doctor. Same as BBA (Bachelor of Business Administration), MBA (Master of Business Administration) degrees are necessary for the specialised knowledge of management.
Increase in knowledge and research — Like other professions, in management too, due to experience and training there is increase in knowledge and research.
Professional Association — All professionals form their associations. Management, in the same way, has its own association too. It gives education and training of management. IIM (Indian Institute of Management) imparts Management education in India. It is working at national and international level. This institute works for the development of the profession of management.
Implementation of Code of Conduct — Each of the professional associations frame code of conduct for its members. It is mandatory for all members to follow the code of conduct.
Moral Responsibility — Moral responsibility is an important factor in any profession. All the professionals must be loyal to their profession and need to fulfil their moral responsibility, e.g. A Chartered Accountant must be loyal to his clients and should not disclose any information of his client.
Professional association in practice — IIM (Indian Institute of Management) imparts management education in India and works at national and international level.
Trap — Say **developing** profession — writing "management is a profession" as a finished fact loses the nuance the chapter insists on.
60-Second Recap
Key Takeaways
- Knowledge → skill → practice → result.
- Systematised → universal → cause and effect → verifiable.
- Knowledge → research → association → code → moral duty.
Exam Questions
Exam Questions
Answer in the marks band shown. Try before you reveal.