Class 12 Indian Economic Development: Employment: Growth, Informalisation and Other Issues
Chapter 6: Employment Growth Informalisation and Other Issues — examine workers, the labour force and participation rates, sectoral distribution of employment, informalisation and casualisation of the workforce, types and causes of unemployment, and government employment generation policies. CBSE Class 12 IED notes covering 5 topics: Workers Employment and Participation, Growth and Distribution of Employment, Informalisation of Indian Workforce, Unemployment Types and Causes, and Government Policies and Employment Generation.
Topics(5)
Workers, Employment and Participation
Meaning of worker, labour force, workforce, worker-population ratio, participation rate, and types of employment: self-employment and wage employment with regular and casual workers. CBSE Class 12 IED notes
Growth and Distribution of Employment
Sectoral distribution of employment across primary, secondary and tertiary sectors, the concept of jobless growth, and gender-wise and rural-urban distribution of employment. CBSE Class 12 IED notes
Informalisation of Indian Workforce
Organised and unorganised sectors, informalisation of the workforce, reasons for falling employment in the organised sector, and casualisation of workers. CBSE Class 12 IED notes
Unemployment: Types and Causes
Meaning of unemployment and its eight types: open, disguised, seasonal, frictional, structural, cyclical, educated and technological, along with the causes of unemployment in India. CBSE Class 12 IED notes
Government Policies and Employment Generation
Economic and social consequences of unemployment, remedial measures, and government employment programmes: MGNREGA, PMKVY, Start-up India and Skill India. CBSE Class 12 IED notes
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<p>Define 'Worker Population Ratio' and mention its utility. State any two harmful effects of using chemical fertilizers.</p>
Worker Population Ratio is defined as the proportion of total population that is employed. It is calculated as: Worker Population Ratio = (Total Workers / Total Population) × 100 Utility: 1. Indicates the employment situation in the economy 2. Shows the level of economic activity 3. Helps in compa…
<p>Case/Source Based Question Read the following text carefully. Answer questions number 13 (a) and 13 (b) on the basis of the given text and common understanding : Year 2020 began with the once-in-a-century pandemic, which saw the frontline workers working tirelessly to save human lives from COVID-19. The pandemic caused its ripples on the economy and on social sectors. Governments, at all levels, intervened in a timely manner to respond to the pandemic. India has one of the lowest case fatalities rates of less than 1.5%. India has been able to save lakhs of lives through its effective policy responses. Public spending on social sector was increased in 2020 - 21 to mitigate the hardships caused by the pandemic and the loss to livelihood due to the lockdown. The lockdown period saw the growth of the 'gig economy' and increasing 'work from home' in the organised sector. As per the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) report 2018 - 19, there was an increase in workforce totalling 48.78 crores in 2018 - 19 as compared to 47.14 crores during 2017 - 18. Out of 1.64 crores increased workforce, 1.22 crores were in rural sector and 0.42 crores in urban sector. The female labour force participation rate increased from 17.5% in 2017 - 18 to 18.6% in 2018 - 19. The net payroll data of Employees' Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) as on 20th December, 2020 shows a net increase of new subscribers of 78.58 lakhs in 2019 - 20 as compared to 61.1 lakhs in 2018 - 19. The PLFS report also showed improvement in 2020 - 21 (Quarter 4) when compared to 2019 - 20 (Quarter 4). Considering the proportion of the male workforce, casual labour decreased by 1% points, while self-employed and salaried workers increased by 0.6% points and 0.4% points respectively. Similarly, in case of female workforce, self-employed increased by 2% points, regular/wage salaried workers decreased by 0.7% points and casual labour decreased by 1.4% points. Source : Economic Survey 2020 - 21, Volume II, Chapter 10 (excerpt) (a) Analyse the nature/distribution of Indian workforce for the fourth quarter of the year 2020 - 21. (b) State and discuss any two initiatives taken by the Government to control the adverse impacts of the pandemic.</p>
Based on the case study about the pandemic's impact on employment: (a) The pandemic led to massive job losses across sectors: - Informal sector workers were hardest hit - Millions of migrant workers lost their jobs - Small businesses and self-employed suffered significant losses - The service secto…
<p>Identify, which of the following is the correct formula for calculating 'Worker-Population Ratio' ? (Choose the correct alternative)</p>
(D) (Total Population / Total Workers) x 100
<p>Elaborate the reasons responsible for emergence of poverty in Pakistan.</p>
Reasons for emergence of poverty in Pakistan: 1. Political instability: Frequent changes in government hinder consistent policy implementation 2. Low investment in education: Results in low human capital formation 3. High population growth: Strains resources and reduces per capita income 4. Agricul…