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Define 'Worker Population Ratio' and mention its utility. State any two harmful effects of using chemical fertilizers.
Case/Source Based Question Read the following text carefully. Answer questions number 13 (a) and 13 (b) on the basis of the given text and common understanding : Year 2020 began with the once-in-a-century pandemic, which saw the frontline workers working tirelessly to save human lives from COVID-19. The pandemic caused its ripples on the economy and on social sectors. Governments, at all levels, intervened in a timely manner to respond to the pandemic. India has one of the lowest case fatalities rates of less than 1.5%. India has been able to save lakhs of lives through its effective policy responses. Public spending on social sector was increased in 2020 - 21 to mitigate the hardships caused by the pandemic and the loss to livelihood due to the lockdown. The lockdown period saw the growth of the 'gig economy' and increasing 'work from home' in the organised sector. As per the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) report 2018 - 19, there was an increase in workforce totalling 48.78 crores in 2018 - 19 as compared to 47.14 crores during 2017 - 18. Out of 1.64 crores increased workforce, 1.22 crores were in rural sector and 0.42 crores in urban sector. The female labour force participation rate increased from 17.5% in 2017 - 18 to 18.6% in 2018 - 19. The net payroll data of Employees' Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) as on 20th December, 2020 shows a net increase of new subscribers of 78.58 lakhs in 2019 - 20 as compared to 61.1 lakhs in 2018 - 19. The PLFS report also showed improvement in 2020 - 21 (Quarter 4) when compared to 2019 - 20 (Quarter 4). Considering the proportion of the male workforce, casual labour decreased by 1% points, while self-employed and salaried workers increased by 0.6% points and 0.4% points respectively. Similarly, in case of female workforce, self-employed increased by 2% points, regular/wage salaried workers decreased by 0.7% points and casual labour decreased by 1.4% points. Source : Economic Survey 2020 - 21, Volume II, Chapter 10 (excerpt) (a) Analyse the nature/distribution of Indian workforce for the fourth quarter of the year 2020 - 21. (b) State and discuss any two initiatives taken by the Government to control the adverse impacts of the pandemic.
"In India women participation rate is lower in urban areas than in the rural areas." Explain with valid arguments. "Infrastructure contributes directly to the economic development of a country." Do you agree with the given statement ? Explain.
“Despite women participation in family farm activities, they are not categorised as workers.” Explain why ?
Briefly discuss the problems associated with informal sector.
“Workers working in formal sector earn more than those in the informal sector.” Defend or refute the given statement with valid arguments.
From the data given below, compare and analyse the status-wise distribution of workforce in India : Trends in Employment Pattern (Status-wise) (in %) 1972 – 73 and 2011 – 12
“The nature of work in urban areas is different from rural areas.” Justify the given statement with a valid explanation.
“Out of 30 million formal sector workers, only about 21% are women found in regular salaried employment.” Elucidate.
Compare and analyse the sector-wise trends in employment, based on following information : Trends in Employment (Sector-wise) Ram is an owner of a salon. He is temporarily absent from work due to injury. Can he be considered as worker ? Explain.
'Ram is able to get work only for two hours in a day. Rest of the day, he is looking for work.' Is he unemployed ? What kind of job could person like Ram be doing ? Compare and analyse the sector-wise trends in employment, based on following information : Trends in Employment (Sector-wise)
Workers who are on the permanent pay-roll of their employer are called __________ workers. (Choose the correct alternative to fill up the blank)
Jobless growth leads to unemployment because _________ . (Choose the correct alternative to fill up the blank)
State and elaborate whether the following statement is true or false, with valid arguments : "Indian economy has showed satisfactory progress towards formalization of workforce in the recent past." "In India, the self-employed constitute around 60% employees. The possible incidence of under employment is the highest among the self-employed." As an economist, suggest and elaborate any two measures that may be taken to ensure more productive employment for the self-employed.
(i) Why are less women found in regular salaried employment ? (ii) Distinguish between human capital and physical capital. (i) State and discuss any one strategy involved in attaining sustainable development in India. (ii) Discuss briefly the importance of micro credit programme in rural India.
Jobless growth leads to unemployment because __________ . (Choose the correct alternative to fill up the blank)
(i) Define Worker Population Ratio. Discuss its usefulness. [3] (ii) ‘Mr. Rishi, after completing his education, has joined his family business but his marginal productivity is zero.’ Comment upon the employment status of Mr. Rishi. Give valid reasons in support of your answer. [3] (i) ‘Kavya works on her family farm and is neither paid in cash nor in the form of grains.’ Can she be categorized as a worker ? Give valid reasons in support of your answer. [3] (ii) “In the late 1990’s India experienced a widening gap between the growth of GDP and employment generation”. Discuss. [3]
(i) Define Worker Population Ratio. Discuss its usefulness. (ii) 'Mr. Rishi, after completing his education, has joined his family business but his marginal productivity is zero.' Comment upon the employment status of Mr. Rishi. Give valid reasons in support of your answer. (i) 'Kavya works on her family farm and is neither paid in cash nor in the form of grains.' Can she be categorized as a worker ? Give valid reasons in support of your answer. (ii) "In the late 1990's India experienced a widening gap between the growth of GDP and employment generation". Discuss.
Read the following statements : Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose the correct alternative from those given below. Assertion (A) : Lower child mortality rate is a better indicator of gender equality. Reason (R) : Preference for a male child exists in India, Pakistan and China. Alternatives :
Read the following statements : Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose the correct alternative from those given below. Assertion (A) : Government can try to reduce unemployment through special poverty removal programmes. Reason (R) : Such poverty removal programmes directly or indirectly lead to employment generation. Alternatives :
Define worker-population ratio and give its significance. Distinguish between 'Human Capital' and 'Human Development'.
State whether the following statements are true/false, with valid arguments : (a) Economic participation of women as homemakers is not accounted for in the Gross Domestic Product. (b) Indian economy has shown excellent shift from informal sector to formal sector in the recent past.
State, whether the following statements are true/false, with valid arguments : (a) Indian economy has shown satisfactory progress towards formalisation of the workforce in the recent past. (b) Economic participation of women as homemakers is not accounted for in the Gross Domestic Product.
Read the following statements : Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose the correct alternative given below. Assertion (A) : The nature of unemployment problem in India is multi-faceted. Reason (R) : Worker-Population ratio is an indicator used for analysing the employment situation in a country. Alternatives :
"It is necessary to create employment in the formal sector rather than in the informal sector." Defend or refute the given statement with valid arguments. Discuss briefly, why agricultural diversification is essential for sustainable livelihoods.
"It is necessary to create employment in the formal sector rather than in the informal sector." Defend or refute the given statement with valid arguments. Explain the role of non-farm employment in promoting rural diversification.
Identify, which of the following is the correct formula for calculating 'Worker-Population Ratio' ? (Choose the correct alternative)
"In rural areas of India, more members of a family are engaged in work, yet the gross income of the family is generally low." Identify the type of unemployment indicated in the above statement and explain the paradox associated with it. Explain the role of micro-credit system in meeting credit requirements of poor.
State with valid reason whether the following statement is true or false : 'Self employed workers are different from hired workers.' Explain the importance of credit availability to farmers in rural development.
Read the following statements carefully : Statement 1 : As per the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO), unemployment is a situation in which all those who, owing to lack of work, are not working, but are seeking work from prospective employers. They express their willingness/availability to work under the prevailing conditions of work and remuneration. Statement 2 : Disguised Unemployment is generally a massive problem in a highly populated country like India. In the light of the given statements, choose the correct alternative from the following :
From the type of workers given in Column I, identify the correct nature of work in Column II : Alternatives :
Read the following statements : Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose the correct alternative from those given below : Assertion (A) : In the recent past, Indian economy has been facing the problem of jobless growth. Reason (R) : Jobless growth refers to a situation where an economy is able to produce more goods and services without generating additional employment. Alternatives :
(i) "Amita is a regular worker in a private firm that employs twelve hired workers." Is she working in the formal/informal sector ? Give valid reasons in support of your answer. (ii) State any two sources of data on unemployment in India. (iii) Elaborate the need to promote women's education in India. (i) "The participation rate of people in economic activities in rural areas is more than that in urban areas." Justify the given statement. (ii) Define disguised unemployment. State its implications on output and employment in a country.
Study the given image carefully : Identify the situation depicted in the image and suggest the impact of the indicated situation in the Indian economy.
(i) Define worker – population ratio and describe its usefulness. (ii) State the meaning of 'Disguised Unemployment'. State and elaborate whether the following statements are true or false, with valid arguments : (i) In the recent past, the Government of India has taken crucial steps, like Jan-Dhan Yojana, for efficient allocation of financial resources. (ii) Cooperatives play a vital role in the credit availability in rural India.
Read the following statements carefully : Statement 1 : As per National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) unemployment is a situation in which all those who, owing to lack of work, are not working, but seeking work from prospective employers, expressed their willingness to work under the prevailing condition of work and remuneration. Statement 2 : Disguised unemployment is generally a massive problem in the highly populated country like India. In the light of the given statements, choose the correct alternative from the following :
(a) "Scholars find son preference as a common phenomenon in India, Pakistan and China." Justify the given statement in the light of skewed sex-ratio. (b) State any two liberty indicators.
Read the following statements carefully : Statement 1 : As per National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO), unemployment is a situation in which all those who, owing to lack of work, are not working, but seeking work from prospective employers, expressed their willingress to work under the prevailing condition of work and remuneration. Statement 2 : Disguised unemployment is generally a massive problem in the highly populated country like India. In the light of the given statements, choose the correct alternative from the following :
(i) Define Worker – Population Ratio. (ii) "National Education Policy 2020 of India stresses a lot on in-service teachers' training." In the light of given statement, state and explain any two advantages of such on-the-job trainings in upliftment of education sector of any nation. (i) Distinguish between 'Green Revolution' and 'Golden Revolution'. (ii) Define Casual Wage Labourer.
Read the following statements carefully : Statement 1 : Casual workers are hired on a permanent basis and also get social security benefits. Statement 2 : Workforce comprises, both employed and unemployed person. In the light of the given statements, choose the correct alternative from the following :
(a) Study the following chart of Employment and Gross Domestic Product. Analyse the trend of the two variables between 1990-2012. (Line chart titled "Growth of Employment and Gross Domestic Product. 1951-2012 (%)". GDP series: 1951-56: 3.6, 1956-61: 4.2, 1961-66: 2.8, 1968-74: 3.8, 1974-79: 4.8, 1980-85: 5.7, 1985-90: 5.8, 1990-92: 3.4, 1997-2000: 6.1, 1999-2005: 6.1, 2005-10: 8.7, 2010-2012: 7.8. Employment series: 1951-56: 0.39, 1956-61: 0.85, 1961-66: 2.03, 1968-74: 1.99, 1974-79: 1.84, 1980-85: 1.73, 1985-90: 1.89, 1990-92: 1.5, 1997-2000: 0.98, 1999-2005: 2.28, 2005-10: 0.28, 2010-2012: 1.12.) (b) Define Worker – Population Ratio. Explain why are regular salaried employees more in urban areas than in rural areas.
(a) Study the following chart of Employment and Gross Domestic Product. Analyse the trend of the two variables between 1990-2012. (Line chart titled "Growth of Employment and Gross Domestic Product. 1951-2012 (%)" plotting GDP and Employment growth over the periods 1951-56, 1956-61, 1961-66, 1968-74, 1974-79, 1980-85, 1985-90, 1990-92, 1997-2000, 1999-2005, 2005-10, 2010-2012. GDP values: 3.6, 4.2, 2.8, 3.8, 4.8, 5.7, 5.8, 3.4, 6.1, 6.1, 8.7, 7.8. Employment values: 0.39, 0.85, 2.03, 1.99, 1.84, 1.73, 1.89, 1.5, 0.98, 2.28, 0.28, 1.12.) (b) Define Worker – Population Ratio. For Visually Impaired Candidates (in lieu of part (a)) : Explain why are regular salaried employees more in urban areas than in rural areas.
Read the following statements carefully : Statement-1 : Hired workers may be regular salaried workers or casual workers. Statement-2 : Regular salaried employment is a major source of employment in rural areas in India. In the light of the given statements, choose the correct option from the following :
"It is short-term unemployment occurring, as people transit between jobs." On the basis of given definition, identify the type of unemployment indicated. (Choose the correct option)
_____ are the people who operate their own farms / enterprises. (Choose the correct option to fill up the blank)
The given chart indicates the problem of _____ in the Indian Economy, post 1990-92. (Choose the correct option to fill up the blank)
"In the recent times through various schemes and policies, the Government of India has taken vital initiatives to generate employment directly / indirectly." Justify the statement giving valid arguments. "Micro credit programmes have been very helpful in supporting rural development and improving livelihoods in India." Do you agree with the given statement ? Give valid reasons in support of your answer.
The given chart indicates the problem of ____ in the Indian Economy, post 1990-92. (Choose the correct option to fill up the blank) The situation under which an economy attains economic growth without corresponding rise in employment is known as ______. (Fill up the blank with correct option)
____ are the people who operate their own farms / enterprises. (Choose the correct option to fill up the blank)
Suppose an economy is experiencing a situation of rise in Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), without any corresponding rise in the employment opportunities. In economic parlance, such a situation is termed as __________ growth. (Choose the correct option to fill in the blank)
Read the following text carefully : Indian labour market indicators have improved in the last six years, as per the Periodic Labour Force Survey Data. The unemployment rate has fallen to 3.2% in 2022 - 23. Rising youth and female participation in the workforce present an opportunity to tap the demographic and gender dividend. The factory employment data exhibits the bounce back of the organised manufacturing sector in FY 2022 - 23 with rise in employment and the upscaling of factories. The net payroll additions under EPFO have more than doubled in the past five years, signalling healthy growth in formal employment. To generate and sustain quality employment, agro-processing and care economy are two promising candidates. On the basis of the given text and common understanding, answer the following questions : (a) State any one significance of rising youth and female participation in the Indian workforce. (b) Identify any two sectors which may be highlighted as promising for generating quality employment in India. (c) Elaborate the meaning of disguised unemployment with the help of a suitable example.
Elaborate the reasons responsible for emergence of poverty in Pakistan.
Suppose an economy is experiencing a situation of rise in Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), without any corresponding rise in the employment opportunities. In economic parlance, such a situation is termed as _________ growth. (Choose the correct option to fill in the blank)
"Suppose an imaginary economy is experiencing a situation of rise in Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), without any corresponding adequate rise in the employment opportunities in the economy." In economic parlance, such a situation is termed as ________ growth. (Choose the correct option to fill in the blank)
State and elaborate whether the following statements are true/false, with valid arguments : (a) The Indian economy has shown satisfactory progress towards formalization of workforce in the recent years. (b) In the Indian rural landscape, agricultural diversification has emerged as a reasonable alternative to fill up the gaps in income.
Read the following text carefully : The Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) measures the percentage of the population either employed or actively seeking employment in a nation. In India, the labour force grew by 99.2 million persons between 2000 - 2019. The labour force grew from 396.3 million to 495.5 million. During 2012 - 2019, the labour force grew without a matching increase in employment, leading to higher unemployment. The gender disparity in India's labour market is notable with women's LFPR at 32.8% in 2022, significantly lower than men's LFPR at 77.2%. This is a major reason for India's overall low LFPR, which is lower than the global average of 47.3%. During 2000 - 2019, rural LFPR declined by 14.1%, compared to a 3.5% decline in urban areas. This trend reversed between 2019 - 2022, with rural LFPR increasing by 6% (especially among rural women) and urban LFPR by 2.1%. These shifts suggest that fluctuations occur in women's labour market participation, particularly in rural areas. This significantly affected the overall LFPR. Women join the workforce during economic hardships and move out when conditions improve. On the basis of the given text and common understanding, answer the following questions : (a) Define unemployment. (b) Write the meaning of Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR). (c) Comment upon the gender disparities in rural and urban Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) during 2000 - 2019.
"Suppose an imaginary economy is experiencing a situation of rise in Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), without any corresponding adequate rise in the employment opportunities in the economy." In economic parlance, such a situation is termed as __________ growth. (Choose the correct option to fill in the blank)
Read the following statements carefully : Statement 1 : Employment is an activity which enables a person to earn means of livelihood for his/her family. Statement 2 : A worker is the one who contributes to the process of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by rendering his productive services. In the light of given statements, choose the correct option from the following :
"It is necessary to generate more employment in the formal sector rather than in the informal sector." Justify the given statement with valid arguments.
"Ram was employed for less than 10 days in a company. He does not get social security benefits." Identify and explain the nature of employment indicated in the above text.
Identify, the incorrect feature associated with the formal sector of employment in any economy. (Choose the correct option)
Under __________ unemployment the marginal productivity of a worker is equal to zero. (Choose the correct option to fill in the blank)
Suppose the percentage of casual workers rises in an economy as compared to the regular workers. This situation may be known as __________ of workforce. (Choose the correct option to fill in the blank) (i) Formalisation (ii) Casualisation (iii) Unemployment
Compare and analyse the following information related to distribution of employment in India : Distribution of Employment (Male-Female) in Different Sectors
Compare and analyse the following information related to distribution of employment in India : Distribution of Employment (Male-Female) in Different Sectors (Percentage)
Study the following images carefully : Identify and discuss briefly the types of employment sectors indicated.
Identify, which of the following, highlights a highly relevant issue associated with evolving employment trends in India's labour market ?
Match the terms given in Column-I with their respective meaning in Column-II. Select the correct option :
"Employment in the formal sector guarantees better income and social benefits compared to informal sector job." Defend or refute the above statement with valid reason and example. During the 'Mann ki Baat' program aired on 29th June, 2025, Prime Minister shared that World Health Organisation (WHO) has declared India as a Trachoma free (an eye disease). This achievement, he shared, is a result of sustained efforts in health care, sanitation, awareness and medical access. In the light of the above statement, explain how investments in health care contributes to a nation's development. Support your answer with valid arguments.
(A) State the meaning of 'Disguised Unemployment'. 1 (B) In the light of the given chart, analyse the gender-wise sectoral distribution of workers. 3 Note : The following question is for the Visually Impaired Candidates only in lieu of Q. No. 32 (B). Elaborate any two reasons behind more women employed in economic activities in Rural areas as compared to Urbans areas. 3
(A) State the meaning of 'Disguised Unemployment'. (B) In the light of the given chart, analyse the gender-wise sectoral distribution of workers.
"Employment within the formal sector ensures better income and social benefits as against the informal sector." Defend or refute the above statement with valid reason and example. During the `Mann ki Baat' program aired on 29th June, 2025, Prime Minister shared that World Health Organisation (WHO) has declared India as a Trachoma free (an eye disease). This achievement, he shared, is a result of sustained efforts in health care, sanitation, awareness and medical access. In the light of the above statement, explain how investments in health care contributes to a nation's development. Support your answer with valid arguments.
From the types of unemployment/employment given in Column-I and corresponding features given in Column-II, choose the correct pair :
Distinguish between formal and informal sector of employment with the help of suitable examples. Discuss the long term implications of increased demand for environmental resources exceeding their natural regenerative capacity.
(a) Refer the given image carefully : Compare and analyse the distribution of work force with respect to gender. (b) State the meaning of worker-population ratio.
(a) Refer the given image carefully : (Two pie charts titled "Distribution of Employment by Gender". Male Workers : Self-employed 51%, Regular Salaried Employees 20%, Casual Wage Labourers 29%. Female Workers : Self-employed 56%, Regular Salaried Employees 13%, Casual Wage Labourers 31%.) Compare and analyse the distribution of work force with respect to gender. (b) State the meaning of worker-population ratio.
Read the following statements : Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose the correct option from those given below : Read them carefully and select the correct option : Assertion (A) : The unemployment problem in India is multifaceted. Reason (R) : Some individuals work round the year, while others work only a few months in a year.
Identify, which of the following is an income indicator. (Choose the correct option)
(i) "Information Technology plays a very significant role in achieving sustainable development and food security." Justify the given statement with valid arguments. (ii) State the meaning of 'self-employed worker' with suitable example. (i) Distinguish between formal and informal sector with suitable examples. (ii) Define worker population ratio with its significance.
Read the following statements carefully : Statement I : Worker Population Ratio is used for analyzing the overall employment situation of a country. Statement II : A garment company has hired two workers on daily wage basis. Such a situation is considered as a formal sector employment. In the light of the given statements, choose the correct option from the following :
Based on the given image, choose the incorrect option :
Elaborate, how the efforts of various governments in India have helped in generation of employment, directly or indirectly, in the nation.
Working persons engaged in various industrial divisions can be classified into three major sectors - Primary sector, secondary sector and tertiary sector. Identify, which of the following option demonstrates the primary sector.
The following table shows the distribution of population and workers in a village : The Worker - Population ratio for village would be __________%. (Choose the correct option to fill in the blank)
Rayansh works as a teacher in a school. He receives a fixed monthly salary, social security benefits, paid leave and medical allowances. His friend Mohan works at a small toy shop. He has very little income, he does not have access to provident fund, paid leave or health insurance. Classify the types of sectors Rayansh and Mohan are working in and highlight the distinction between the two sectors. (i) Define 'Human Capital Formation'. (ii) Explain 'Expenditure on migration' as a source of human capital formation.
From the data given below, compare and analyse the status-wise distribution of workforce in India : Trends in Employment Pattern (Status-wise) (in %) 1972 – 73 and 2011 – 12 Status \\ Year | 1972 – 73 | 2011 – 12 Self-Employed | 61.4 | 52 Regular Salaried Employees | 15.4 | 18 Casual Wage Workers | 23.2 | 30 Total | 100 | 100
From the type of workers given in Column I, identify the correct nature of work in Column II : Alternatives : | Column I | | Column II 1. | Cement shop owner | (i) | Regular salaried 2. | Construction worker | (ii) | Casual wage workers 3. | Civil engineer | (iii) | Self-employed
Compare and analyse the following information related to distribution of employment in India : Distribution of Employment (Male-Female) in Different Sectors Sector | Male Workers | Female Workers Primary Sector | 40.7% | 57.1% Secondary Sector | 26.5% | 17.7% Tertiary Sector | 32.8% | 25.2%
Compare and analyse the following information related to distribution of employment in India : Distribution of Employment (Male-Female) in Different Sectors (Percentage) Sector | Male Workers | Female Workers Primary Sector | 40.7% | 57.1% Secondary Sector | 26.5% | 17.7% Tertiary Sector | 32.8% | 25.2%
Match the terms given in Column-I with their respective meaning in Column-II. Select the correct option : Column-I | Column-II (i) Seasonal Unemployment | (a) Private enterprises hiring less than 10 employees (ii) Self-employed | (b) Workers using their own resources to earn livelihood (iii) Unorganised sector | (c) Unemployment occurring in specific season (iv) Disguised Unemployment | (d) Zero Marginal Productivity
From the types of unemployment/employment given in Column-I and corresponding features given in Column-II, choose the correct pair : Column – I | Column – II (i) Disguised Unemployment | (a) Concentrated to a given season (ii) Seasonal Unemployment | (b) Marginal productivity is zero (iii) Indirect employment by government | (c) Indian Railways (iv) Direct employment by government | (d) Indian Oil Corporation (IOC)
The following table shows the distribution of population and workers in a village : The Worker - Population ratio for village would be __________%. (Choose the correct option to fill in the blank) Total population | Number of people who are willing and able to work | Number of people who are employed 2000 | 1200 | 800