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Class 12 Economics: Emerging Issues in Indian Economy

Chapter 11: Emerging Issues in Indian Economy — looks at the three pressures that come with growth after 1991. It explains migration and its effects, urbanisation and how to manage it, education and health as human-capital investment, and electricity, railways and petroleum as infrastructure. GSEB Class 12 Commerce Economics notes covering 4 topics: Migration — Meaning, Types, Causes, and Effects, Urbanisation — Meaning, Effects, and Control Measures, Education and Health — Human Capital, Infrastructure — Electricity, Railways, Petroleum.

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Topics(4)

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Migration — Meaning, Types, Causes, and Effects

Migration — Meaning, Types, Causes, and Effects — defines migration, separates internal from international and pull from push, and weighs the gains against the costs. GSEB Class 12 Commerce Economics notes with a migration flow map, a type matrix and a gains-and-costs pair.

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Urbanisation — Meaning, Effects, and Control Measures

Urbanisation — Meaning, Effects, and Control Measures — defines the urban area, tracks the trend and weighs the gains against the costs. GSEB Class 12 Commerce Economics notes with a census-criteria figure, an urbanisation trend chart and a gains-costs table.

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Education and Health — Human Capital

Education and Health — Human Capital — defines human-capital investment and gives the education and health evidence. GSEB Class 12 Commerce Economics notes with a human-capital flow, a literacy trend table and a rural health gap figure.

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Infrastructure — Electricity, Railways, Petroleum

Infrastructure — Electricity, Railways, Petroleum — presents the three infrastructure sectors with their capacity, use and challenges. GSEB Class 12 Commerce Economics notes with a power-source split, a railway timeline and a petroleum-import figure.

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